Cardiovascular Outcomes Understanding, Importance, and Clinical Implications Introduction Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, posing a significant public health challenge. Cardiovascular outcomes refer to the range of clinical events and endpoints that reflect the health status […]
Retrospective Cohort Study Design, Advantages, Limitations, and Applications Introduction In epidemiology and clinical research, various study designs are employed to investigate associations between exposures and outcomes. Among these designs, the cohort study is a fundamental observational approach that follows groups of individuals […]
Myocardial Infarction Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management Introduction Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle (myocardium) is abruptly […]
Comorbidities Definitions, Impacts, and Clinical Implications in Healthcare Introduction Comorbidities are increasingly recognized as critical determinants of patient outcomes and healthcare burden. In simple terms, comorbidities refer to the presence of two or more medical conditions occurring simultaneously in a patient. These […]
Multivariable Regression Theory, Applications, and Interpretations in Modern Data Analysis Introduction Multivariable regression is a powerful statistical tool that enables researchers and analysts to investigate the relationship between a dependent variable and multiple independent variables simultaneously. It extends the principles of simple […]
Cardiovascular Mortality Understanding the Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies Introduction Cardiovascular mortality, defined as death resulting from diseases of the heart and blood vessels, remains the leading global cause of death, responsible for about 17.9 million deaths annually (WHO, 2021). This […]
Dapagliflozin A Multi-Targeted Therapy for Diabetes, Heart Failure, and Kidney Disease Introduction Dapagliflozin is a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor developed primarily for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, its therapeutic use has expanded significantly due to demonstrated benefits in heart failure […]
Patient Adherence A Cornerstone of Effective Healthcare Delivery Introduction In modern healthcare systems, the success of any medical intervention relies not only on the efficacy of drugs or the precision of surgical procedures, but also heavily on the patient’s adherence to prescribed […]
Alirocumab Advancing Cardiovascular Health Through PCSK9 Inhibition Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Central to its pathogenesis is the accumulation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in arterial walls, leading to atherosclerosis. While statins have long […]
Evolocumab A Breakthrough in Lipid-Lowering Therapy for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a well-established risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. While statins have […]