Introduction The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a validated self-report instrument developed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. Introduced by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D has gained widespread application in clinical research, public health, and epidemiologic […]
Introduction Emotional well-being is a crucial dimension of overall health and quality of life. It refers to an individual’s ability to manage emotions, cope with stress, build strong relationships, and maintain a positive outlook despite challenges. Emotional well-being does not imply constant […]