Introduction Thyroid cancer is one of the most prevalent endocrine malignancies, but among its histological subtypes, anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the rarest and most aggressive. Despite comprising less than 2% of all thyroid cancers, ATC accounts for a significant proportion of […]
Introduction The concept of long-term use refers to the continuous or repeated utilization of a substance, product, or intervention over an extended period, often months or years. This term is particularly relevant in medicine, pharmacology, technology, and environmental sciences, where long-term exposure […]
Introduction Risk-benefit assessment (RBA) is a structured process of evaluating the potential positive outcomes (benefits) against possible adverse effects (risks) of a decision, intervention, or policy. It is a central component in medicine, pharmacology, public health, food safety, and environmental policy, ensuring […]
Introduction Antiplatelet therapy is a cornerstone of modern cardiovascular and cerebrovascular medicine. Platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis by forming clots to stop bleeding. However, abnormal platelet activation and aggregation can lead to thrombosis, which is the underlying cause of many […]
Introduction Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) refers to bleeding within the skull, a potentially life-threatening condition that can lead to increased intracranial pressure, brain damage, and death if not promptly managed. It accounts for a significant proportion of strokes, with high morbidity and mortality […]
Introduction Hemoglobin (Hb) is one of the most essential biomolecules in human physiology, functioning as the primary carrier of oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and returning carbon dioxide back for exhalation. The measurement of hemoglobin levels is among the most […]
Introduction Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, anucleate blood components that play a central role in hemostasis and thrombosis. The platelet count—a measure of the number of platelets per microliter (µL) of blood—is a fundamental hematological parameter used in routine clinical […]
Introduction Platelets are small, anucleate blood cells that play a fundamental role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Their ability to adhere, activate, and aggregate is crucial for the formation of a hemostatic plug at sites of vascular injury. However, excessive or inappropriate platelet […]
Introduction Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is a biologically active lipid mediator derived from arachidonic acid through the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. It belongs to the family of eicosanoids, which also includes prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and prostacyclin. Discovered in the early 1970s, TXA2 plays a central […]
Introduction The coagulation system plays a vital role in maintaining hemostasis by preventing excessive bleeding following vascular injury. Prothrombin Time (PT) is one of the most widely used laboratory tests to evaluate the extrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade. First […]