Introduction Prevention is a cornerstone of modern medicine and public health, aimed at reducing disease burden and promoting healthier societies. Primary prevention specifically refers to interventions that are applied before the onset of disease, with the goal of eliminating risk factors and […]
Introduction Stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 15 million people suffer from a stroke each year; nearly one-third die, while another third are left permanently disabled. Importantly, […]
Introduction The Cox Proportional Hazards Model (Cox PH Model), introduced by Sir David Cox in 1972, is one of the most widely used statistical methods in survival analysis. It is primarily employed to assess the impact of several variables on the time […]
Introduction Platelet aggregation is a fundamental physiological process that plays a vital role in hemostasis, wound healing, and thrombosis. When vascular injury occurs, platelets rapidly adhere to the damaged endothelium, become activated, and clump together to form a platelet plug. This process […]
Introduction Stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, placing a heavy burden on healthcare systems, communities, and families. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), stroke accounts for approximately 11% of total deaths globally and is a […]
Introduction Clopidogrel is an oral antiplatelet drug from the thienopyridine class. It is widely prescribed to prevent thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic stroke, or peripheral artery disease (PAD). Since its approval in the 1990s, it has […]
Introduction Protein citrullination, also known as deimination, is a post-translational modification (PTM) in which the amino acid arginine is converted into citrulline by the action of a family of enzymes known as peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). This seemingly subtle biochemical modification can drastically […]
Shared Epitope Molecular Basis, Immunological Role, and Clinical Implications in Autoimmune Diseases
Introduction Autoimmune diseases develop when the immune system erroneously targets self-tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Among the strongest genetic risk factors identified for autoimmune conditions, particularly rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are allelic variations of the HLA-DRB1 gene. The Shared Epitope […]
Introduction The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system plays a fundamental role in adaptive immunity by presenting antigenic peptides to T lymphocytes. Among its components, the HLA-DRB1 gene stands out due to its extensive polymorphism and strong associations with autoimmune diseases. HLA-DRB1, located […]
Introduction The immune system plays a vital role in defending the body against pathogens while maintaining tolerance to self-antigens. A balanced immune response is crucial for protection without causing harm to host tissues. Immunoregulation refers to the mechanisms that control and modulate […]