Introduction Prevention is the cornerstone of sustainable health systems, safety measures, and social well-being. The concept of preventive strategies encompasses proactive actions taken to minimize risks, avoid harm, and mitigate potential negative outcomes in health, environment, and society. These strategies are essential […]
Introduction Disease susceptibility refers to the predisposition of an individual to develop a specific illness due to a combination of genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and immunological factors. While some individuals may remain resistant to pathogens or harmful stimuli, others exhibit heightened vulnerability, leading […]
Introduction Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is a member of the STAT family of transcription factors, which are essential mediators of cytokine signaling pathways. STAT4 is specifically activated by interleukin-12 (IL-12) and type I interferons, enabling the regulation of […]
Introduction The human immune system is a complex network of cells, molecules, and signaling pathways designed to defend the body against pathogens while maintaining tolerance to self-antigens. The ability to discriminate between harmful and harmless stimuli requires immune regulation, a process that […]
Introduction Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are essential regulators of immune signaling, maintaining a delicate balance between immune activation and tolerance. Among these, PTPN22 (protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22) has emerged as a key molecule influencing T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling and the […]
Introduction Socioeconomic status (SES) is a multidimensional construct that reflects an individual’s or group’s position within a social hierarchy, typically based on indicators such as income, education, occupation, and wealth. It is a powerful determinant of life opportunities, access to resources, and […]
Introduction The term multi-parity refers to a woman who has experienced multiple pregnancies that have reached viable gestational age (typically beyond 20–24 weeks of gestation depending on definitions). In clinical practice, multi-parous women are those who have given birth two or more […]
Introduction Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide, affecting nearly 1.9 billion people. Pregnant women, children, and patients with chronic illnesses are most vulnerable. Although oral iron is the first-line treatment, many patients develop gastrointestinal side effects or […]
Introduction Hemoglobin is a vital iron-containing protein in red blood cells (RBCs) that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns carbon dioxide for exhalation. Its concentration, measured in grams per deciliter (g/dL), is a key health marker. Deviations from normal […]
Introduction Antenatal care (ANC), or prenatal care, refers to the routine health supervision provided to pregnant women to ensure safe maternal and fetal outcomes. It plays a crucial role in detecting complications, guiding nutrition, and educating mothers about pregnancy. The World Health […]