Abstract Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a crucial clinical practice that involves measuring drug concentrations in blood at designated intervals to maintain a constant plasma concentration within a therapeutic range. It is particularly valuable for medications with narrow therapeutic indices, significant pharmacokinetic […]
Introduction Prognostic markers, also known as prognostic biomarkers, play a pivotal role in the management of cancer. These biological indicators provide valuable insights into the likely course of the disease, independent of the treatment given. As personalized medicine becomes a central theme […]
Introduction Cancer remains one of the most significant health challenges of the 21st century. Early detection and timely intervention are vital for improving survival rates and treatment outcomes. In this context, tumor markers have emerged as powerful diagnostic, prognostic, and monitoring tools […]
Introduction In the era of precision medicine, protein biomarkers have emerged as a transformative tool in the detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of various diseases. As molecular fingerprints, they reflect biological processes and pathophysiological conditions, making them invaluable for personalized healthcare. Their […]
Abstract Predictive biomarkers are measurable biological indicators that forecast an individual’s response to a specific therapeutic intervention. They have revolutionized personalized medicine by guiding treatment decisions, reducing adverse effects, and improving clinical outcomes. This paper explores the fundamental concepts, mechanisms, and classifications […]
Introduction Clinical biochemistry, sometimes referred to as clinical chemistry, bridges fundamental biochemical science with patient-centred diagnostics and therapeutics. It involves the measurement and interpretation of chemical and biochemical markers in body fluids (such as blood, urine and other specimens) to assist in […]
Introduction The discipline of pathophysiology bridges the gap between normal physiology and disease, focusing on how functional changes within the body lead to disease states. According to Pathophysiology, the term denotes “the physiology of abnormal states; specifically the functional changes that accompany […]
Introduction Disease diagnosis is the cornerstone of modern healthcare, enabling clinicians to identify the underlying causes of symptoms and select appropriate treatments. Accurate diagnosis not only determines patient management but also influences prognosis, public health decisions, and medical research. Diagnostic processes have […]
Introduction A biological sample (or biospecimen) refers to any material derived from living organisms—such as human, animal, plant, or microbial sources—that is collected for scientific, medical, or diagnostic purposes. These samples include blood, urine, saliva, tissues, cells, DNA, RNA, proteins, and other […]
Introduction Vitamin D, often referred to as the “sunshine vitamin,” is a fat-soluble vitamin crucial for maintaining calcium and phosphorus balance, bone metabolism, and overall health. Serum vitamin D levels serve as a key biomarker for assessing vitamin D status in the […]