Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis

Introduction

Atherosclerosis is a progressive condition where arteries narrow and harden due to plaque buildup. This can lead to heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular diseases. It develops over time and may remain undetected until significant complications arise.

Causes and Risk Factors

• High Cholesterol (LDL): Leads to plaque accumulation
• Hypertension: Damages artery walls, increasing risk
• Diabetes & Smoking: Increases inflammation and plaque formation
• Obesity & Inactivity: Contributes to high cholesterol and blood sugar

Symptoms and Complications

Atherosclerosis often remains silent until it restricts blood flow. Symptoms depend on affected arteries:

• Heart: Chest pain, heart attack
• Brain: Stroke symptoms (weakness, numbness)
• Limbs: Leg pain, poor circulation
• Kidneys: High blood pressure, dysfunction

Diagnosis and Treatment

• Blood Tests & Imaging: Assess cholesterol, plaque buildup
• Medications: Statins, blood pressure drugs, antiplatelets
• Lifestyle Changes: Healthy diet, exercise, smoking cessation

Prevention Strategies

• Heart-Healthy Diet (Mediterranean/DASH)
• Regular Physical Activity
• Cholesterol & Blood Pressure Control
• Medical Checkups

References

1. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(19):e127-e248.
2. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. JNC 7: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1206-1252.
3. Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Progress and Challenges in Atherosclerosis Research. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;54(25):2385-2396.
4. Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Nature. 2000;407(6801):233-241.
5. World Health Organization (WHO). Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease. 2022. Available Online
6. Virmani R, Burke AP, Farb A, Kolodgie FD. Pathology of Atherosclerosis. Heart Fail Clin. 2006;2(3):403-410.
7. Goldstein JL, Brown MS. The LDL Receptor Pathway and Atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Biochem. 1977;46:897-930.