Introduction Clinical biochemistry, sometimes referred to as clinical chemistry, bridges fundamental biochemical science with patient-centred diagnostics and therapeutics. It involves the measurement and interpretation of chemical and biochemical markers in body fluids (such as blood, urine and other specimens) to assist in […]
Introduction The discipline of pathophysiology bridges the gap between normal physiology and disease, focusing on how functional changes within the body lead to disease states. According to Pathophysiology, the term denotes “the physiology of abnormal states; specifically the functional changes that accompany […]
Introduction Disease diagnosis is the cornerstone of modern healthcare, enabling clinicians to identify the underlying causes of symptoms and select appropriate treatments. Accurate diagnosis not only determines patient management but also influences prognosis, public health decisions, and medical research. Diagnostic processes have […]
Introduction A biological sample (or biospecimen) refers to any material derived from living organisms—such as human, animal, plant, or microbial sources—that is collected for scientific, medical, or diagnostic purposes. These samples include blood, urine, saliva, tissues, cells, DNA, RNA, proteins, and other […]
Introduction Vitamin D, often referred to as the “sunshine vitamin,” is a fat-soluble vitamin crucial for maintaining calcium and phosphorus balance, bone metabolism, and overall health. Serum vitamin D levels serve as a key biomarker for assessing vitamin D status in the […]
Introduction A Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) is a type of scientific experiment designed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of medical, behavioral, or educational interventions. It is considered the gold standard in clinical research because it minimizes bias, ensures comparability between study […]
Introduction Vitamin D, often referred to as the “sunshine vitamin,” plays a crucial role in maintaining bone health, immune function, and overall well-being. Despite its importance, vitamin D deficiency has become a global public health issue affecting people across all age groups. […]
Introduction Nutritional intervention refers to the deliberate use of dietary strategies and nutritional support to prevent, manage, or treat health conditions. It is a cornerstone of public health and clinical care, aiming to optimize nutrient intake, improve metabolic balance, and enhance overall […]
Introduction Musculoskeletal health refers to the proper functioning of the body’s muscles, bones, joints, tendons, and ligaments that enable movement, stability, and strength. It is an essential component of overall well-being, influencing a person’s ability to perform daily activities, maintain posture, and […]
Introduction Fractures are one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries worldwide, representing a major public health concern due to their increasing incidence, especially in aging populations. The incidence of fractures refers to the number of new cases occurring within a defined population […]