Introduction The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) is one of the most widely used software tools for statistical analysis in research and data-driven decision-making. Initially designed for social science applications, SPSS is now extensively used across various fields including healthcare, […]
Introduction The term psychological impact refers to the effect of external or internal stimuli on an individual’s emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning. It encompasses both short-term and long-term changes in mental well-being, often triggered by life events, environmental factors, or chronic stressors. […]
Introduction Port site hernia (PSH) is a rare but potentially serious complication following laparoscopic or minimally invasive surgical procedures. With the growing popularity of laparoscopic techniques due to their reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay, and faster recovery, complications like PSH have […]
Introduction Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies worldwide, characterized by inflammation of the vermiform appendix. It is a leading cause of abdominal pain that requires surgical intervention, affecting approximately 7–8% of the population during their lifetime. The condition […]
Introduction Postoperative infections are among the most significant complications following surgical procedures. They occur when pathogens invade the surgical wound or other sites in the body during or after surgery, leading to delayed recovery, prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and higher […]
Introduction Patient demographics encompass a set of statistical data that describe the characteristics of individuals within a population who seek or receive healthcare services. These characteristics typically include age, gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education level, occupation, geographic location, and health behaviors. […]
Introduction Recovery outcomes refer to the measurable results and progress achieved following a disease, surgical intervention, trauma, or chronic health condition. These outcomes encompass both physical and psychological dimensions of healing, ranging from pain reduction and functional restoration to emotional well-being and […]
Introduction Pain is a complex physiological and psychological phenomenon that requires careful and effective management, particularly in perioperative settings and chronic pain conditions. Traditionally, pain management has relied heavily on opioid analgesics. However, the opioid crisis and the side effects associated with […]
Introduction Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) are unwanted or harmful outcomes that occur as a direct result of medical interventions, including medications, surgeries, radiotherapy, or other therapies. These events range from mild side effects, such as nausea or fatigue, to severe complications, such […]
Introduction Survival analysis is a statistical approach used to study the time until an event of interest occurs, such as death, disease progression, or system failure. One of the most widely used techniques in survival analysis is the Kaplan-Meier (KM) method, which […]