Introduction Choosing a career is a pivotal decision in an individual’s life, shaping not only their professional journey but also their personal satisfaction and societal contribution. Among medical students, career choice extends beyond mere interest—it often involves complex deliberations influenced by intrinsic […]
Introduction The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a validated self-report instrument developed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. Introduced by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D has gained widespread application in clinical research, public health, and epidemiologic […]
Introduction A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that analyzes data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at a single point in time. Unlike longitudinal studies, which track changes over time, cross-sectional studies provide a snapshot of […]
Introduction Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a rare, inherited neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness due to degeneration of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord. The severity and progression of SMA vary among patients, ranging from severe infantile forms to […]
Introduction The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) is one of the most widely used software tools for statistical analysis in research and data-driven decision-making. Initially designed for social science applications, SPSS is now extensively used across various fields including healthcare, […]
Introduction The term psychological impact refers to the effect of external or internal stimuli on an individual’s emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning. It encompasses both short-term and long-term changes in mental well-being, often triggered by life events, environmental factors, or chronic stressors. […]
Introduction Port site hernia (PSH) is a rare but potentially serious complication following laparoscopic or minimally invasive surgical procedures. With the growing popularity of laparoscopic techniques due to their reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay, and faster recovery, complications like PSH have […]
Introduction Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies worldwide, characterized by inflammation of the vermiform appendix. It is a leading cause of abdominal pain that requires surgical intervention, affecting approximately 7–8% of the population during their lifetime. The condition […]
Introduction Postoperative infections are among the most significant complications following surgical procedures. They occur when pathogens invade the surgical wound or other sites in the body during or after surgery, leading to delayed recovery, prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and higher […]
Introduction Patient demographics encompass a set of statistical data that describe the characteristics of individuals within a population who seek or receive healthcare services. These characteristics typically include age, gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education level, occupation, geographic location, and health behaviors. […]