Introduction Postoperative infections are among the most significant complications following surgical procedures. They occur when pathogens invade the surgical wound or other sites in the body during or after surgery, leading to delayed recovery, prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and higher […]
Introduction Patient demographics encompass a set of statistical data that describe the characteristics of individuals within a population who seek or receive healthcare services. These characteristics typically include age, gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education level, occupation, geographic location, and health behaviors. […]
Introduction Recovery outcomes refer to the measurable results and progress achieved following a disease, surgical intervention, trauma, or chronic health condition. These outcomes encompass both physical and psychological dimensions of healing, ranging from pain reduction and functional restoration to emotional well-being and […]
Introduction Pain is a complex physiological and psychological phenomenon that requires careful and effective management, particularly in perioperative settings and chronic pain conditions. Traditionally, pain management has relied heavily on opioid analgesics. However, the opioid crisis and the side effects associated with […]
Introduction Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) are unwanted or harmful outcomes that occur as a direct result of medical interventions, including medications, surgeries, radiotherapy, or other therapies. These events range from mild side effects, such as nausea or fatigue, to severe complications, such […]
Introduction In oncology, treatment success is no longer measured by survival alone; the patient’s quality of life (QoL) is equally critical. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) is a validated instrument […]
Introduction Early diagnosis refers to the identification of diseases or health conditions at an initial stage, often before the onset of severe symptoms or complications. It is a critical element in healthcare that improves the chances of effective treatment, reduces disease progression, […]
Introduction Liquid biopsy is an innovative, non-invasive diagnostic approach that has revolutionized cancer detection, monitoring, and treatment planning. Unlike traditional tissue biopsies that require invasive procedures, liquid biopsy involves analyzing circulating tumor-derived materials such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells […]
Introduction The microtiter plate assay is a widely used analytical technique in biological, biochemical, and pharmaceutical research. It involves the use of a microtiter plate (also known as a microplate or microwell plate), which is a flat plate with multiple “wells” that […]
Introduction Tooth enamel demineralization is the initial stage of dental caries and occurs when mineral content, primarily hydroxyapatite crystals, is lost from the enamel surface due to the action of acids. It is a reversible process in its early stages, but if […]