Introduction In oncology, treatment success is no longer measured by survival alone; the patient’s quality of life (QoL) is equally critical. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) is a validated instrument […]
Introduction Early diagnosis refers to the identification of diseases or health conditions at an initial stage, often before the onset of severe symptoms or complications. It is a critical element in healthcare that improves the chances of effective treatment, reduces disease progression, […]
Introduction Liquid biopsy is an innovative, non-invasive diagnostic approach that has revolutionized cancer detection, monitoring, and treatment planning. Unlike traditional tissue biopsies that require invasive procedures, liquid biopsy involves analyzing circulating tumor-derived materials such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells […]
Introduction The microtiter plate assay is a widely used analytical technique in biological, biochemical, and pharmaceutical research. It involves the use of a microtiter plate (also known as a microplate or microwell plate), which is a flat plate with multiple “wells” that […]
Introduction Tooth enamel demineralization is the initial stage of dental caries and occurs when mineral content, primarily hydroxyapatite crystals, is lost from the enamel surface due to the action of acids. It is a reversible process in its early stages, but if […]
Introduction Crystal violet staining is a fundamental laboratory technique in microbiology used to differentiate bacterial species based on the structural differences in their cell walls. It is an integral component of the Gram staining method, first developed by Hans Christian Gram in […]
Introduction Subgingival biofilm refers to the structured microbial community that forms below the gumline (gingiva), primarily within the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket. It plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of periodontal diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis. Unlike supragingival […]
Introduction Gram-positive bacteria represent a major group of prokaryotic microorganisms characterized by their thick peptidoglycan cell walls that retain the crystal violet stain during the Gram-staining procedure. These bacteria include numerous clinically significant species responsible for a wide range of human infections, […]
Introduction Actinomyces viscosus is a gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, non-motile, and non-spore-forming bacterium that is part of the normal flora of the human oral cavity. It plays a significant role in dental plaque formation and has been implicated in a range of periodontal […]
Introduction Actinomyces israelii is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, filamentous, facultatively anaerobic bacterium that belongs to the genus Actinomyces, family Actinomycetaceae. First identified in the late 19th century by James Israel, this bacterium is now recognized as the primary causative agent of actinomycosis, a […]