Introduction Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid malignancy, accounting for nearly 80–85% of all thyroid cancers. It originates from the follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid gland and is generally considered a well-differentiated carcinoma with an excellent […]
Introduction Ultrasonography, commonly known as ultrasound imaging, is a widely used, non-invasive diagnostic technique that employs high-frequency sound waves to produce real-time images of internal body structures. It is considered one of the most versatile and safe imaging modalities in medicine due […]
Introduction Nodules are small, abnormal masses of tissue that can develop in various organs, including the thyroid gland, lungs, liver, kidneys, and lymph nodes. The size of a nodule is a critical determinant in clinical decision-making, as it often correlates with the […]
Introduction Sialadenitis is an inflammatory disorder of the salivary glands, most commonly affecting the parotid and submandibular glands. The condition can arise from infectious, autoimmune, or obstructive etiologies and presents with glandular swelling, pain, and, in acute cases, systemic features such as […]
Introduction Thyroid nodules are discrete lesions within the thyroid gland that are radiologically distinct from the surrounding parenchyma. They represent one of the most common endocrine disorders encountered in clinical practice, with prevalence increasing due to widespread use of imaging modalities. Although […]
Introduction Thyroid cancer is one of the most prevalent endocrine malignancies, but among its histological subtypes, anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the rarest and most aggressive. Despite comprising less than 2% of all thyroid cancers, ATC accounts for a significant proportion of […]
Introduction The concept of long-term use refers to the continuous or repeated utilization of a substance, product, or intervention over an extended period, often months or years. This term is particularly relevant in medicine, pharmacology, technology, and environmental sciences, where long-term exposure […]
Introduction Risk-benefit assessment (RBA) is a structured process of evaluating the potential positive outcomes (benefits) against possible adverse effects (risks) of a decision, intervention, or policy. It is a central component in medicine, pharmacology, public health, food safety, and environmental policy, ensuring […]
Introduction Antiplatelet therapy is a cornerstone of modern cardiovascular and cerebrovascular medicine. Platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis by forming clots to stop bleeding. However, abnormal platelet activation and aggregation can lead to thrombosis, which is the underlying cause of many […]
Introduction Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) refers to bleeding within the skull, a potentially life-threatening condition that can lead to increased intracranial pressure, brain damage, and death if not promptly managed. It accounts for a significant proportion of strokes, with high morbidity and mortality […]