Introduction Neurodevelopment is the complex biological process through which the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, is formed and matured from embryonic stages to adulthood. This process encompasses cellular proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, and myelination. It establishes the […]
Introduction The human brain possesses a remarkable ability to adapt, reorganize, and strengthen its neural connections in response to experiences — a process known as synaptic plasticity. It is one of the fundamental properties of the nervous system, allowing neurons to modify […]
Introduction Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that enable communication between neurons in the brain and the nervous system. They regulate a wide range of physiological and psychological processes, including mood, cognition, movement, and autonomic function. The precise balance of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, […]
Introduction Neuropsychiatric disorders represent a complex and diverse group of conditions that affect both the brain and behavior. These disorders bridge the disciplines of neurology and psychiatry, encompassing a wide spectrum of illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, autism spectrum disorders, […]
Introduction Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revolutionized the field of genetics by identifying genetic variations linked to complex traits and diseases. Unlike traditional candidate gene approaches, GWAS examine the entire genome to uncover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with specific phenotypes. This […]
Introduction Oxidative stress is a biochemical state that arises when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds the body’s antioxidant defense capacity, leading to cellular and molecular damage. It plays a central role in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, including cancer, […]
Introduction Environmental exposure refers to the contact between humans and various physical, chemical, and biological agents present in the environment. These exposures can occur through air, water, soil, food, or direct contact and can have profound effects on human health and disease […]
Introduction The advent of multi-omics technologies has revolutionized modern biological research by enabling a holistic understanding of complex biological systems. Unlike traditional single-omics approaches that analyze only one layer of biological information—such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, or metabolomics—multi-omics integrates multiple datasets to […]
Introduction Genetic susceptibility refers to the inherent predisposition of an individual to develop certain diseases based on their genetic makeup. This concept is rooted in the understanding that variations in genes, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), mutations, or chromosomal abnormalities, can […]
Introduction Genetic polymorphism refers to the occurrence of two or more alternative alleles or sequences at a particular locus in a population, with each variant having a frequency of at least 1%. This concept is central to understanding human genetic diversity, evolution, […]