Introduction Actinomyces israelii is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, filamentous, facultatively anaerobic bacterium that belongs to the genus Actinomyces, family Actinomycetaceae. First identified in the late 19th century by James Israel, this bacterium is now recognized as the primary causative agent of actinomycosis, a […]
Introduction Actinomyces naeslundii is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic bacterium that is a key member of the human oral microbiome. It was first described by Hamada in 1970 and is part of the genus Actinomyces, which includes other medically relevant species such […]
Introduction Actinomyces is a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic or strictly anaerobic, filamentous bacteria known for their role in chronic infections, especially actinomycosis. These organisms are part of the normal flora of the human oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract but can […]
Introduction Streptococcus mutans is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium that is widely recognized for its crucial role in the etiology of dental caries. As a prominent member of the oral microbiota, S. mutans is known for its ability to metabolize carbohydrates, produce […]
Introduction Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms that attach to surfaces and are enclosed in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. Biofilm formation is a universal microbial survival strategy found in natural, industrial, and clinical environments. From persistent infections to dental […]
Introduction Case-control studies are a cornerstone of observational epidemiology, especially in the investigation of rare diseases or diseases with a long latency period. By comparing individuals with a specific outcome (cases) to those without it (controls), researchers can identify and quantify associations […]
Introduction Phytochemicals are naturally occurring bioactive compounds found in plants. These non-nutrient substances are not essential for basic human survival but offer significant health benefits, including the prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular conditions, and neurodegenerative disorders. Found abundantly in […]
Introduction Cancer is a multifactorial disease characterized by abnormal cell growth that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant parts of the body. While some cancers occur sporadically, many arise due to a combination of genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and lifestyle […]
Introduction Carcinogens are substances, agents, or exposures that are capable of causing cancer in living tissue. Cancer, characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, can be triggered by genetic mutations, many of which are induced or accelerated by carcinogenic substances. Carcinogens are found in […]
Introduction Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specific populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. Epidemiological studies form the backbone of public health research, enabling scientists and policymakers to […]