Introduction Bone fragility is a significant global health concern characterized by a reduction in bone strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures. It is closely associated with conditions such as osteoporosis, osteopenia, and age-related bone loss. The skeletal system’s integrity depends […]
Introduction Preventive healthcare, often referred to as preventive medicine, focuses on avoiding diseases before they occur rather than treating them after onset. It emphasizes proactive health management through lifestyle modification, vaccination, screening, and early detection. In the 21st century, where chronic diseases […]
Introduction Hormonal changes refer to fluctuations in the levels of chemical messengers—called hormones—that regulate various physiological functions in the body. These hormones are secreted by endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and gonads. Hormonal balance is vital for growth, […]
Introduction Bone health represents a critical aspect of overall well-being, influencing mobility, strength, and quality of life throughout all stages of human development. Bones serve not only as the body’s structural framework but also as dynamic tissues that undergo continuous remodeling, contributing […]
Introduction Nutritional supplementation plays a vital role in maintaining and improving human health, especially when dietary intake is insufficient to meet nutritional requirements. Supplements provide essential vitamins, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, and other bioactive compounds that support physiological functions, enhance immunity, […]
Introduction Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures. It is a major public health issue, particularly in postmenopausal women and elderly men. According […]
Introduction Calcium (Ca²⁺) is an essential mineral that plays a fundamental role in numerous physiological processes, including skeletal mineralization, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, blood coagulation, and cellular signaling. The maintenance of calcium homeostasis is vital for life, and its balance depends largely […]
Introduction Vitamin D, a fat-soluble secosteroid, is one of the most crucial micronutrients for maintaining overall human health. It plays a vital role in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism, supporting bone mineralization, immune function, and various cellular processes. Despite being termed a […]
Introduction Nutritional deficiency refers to a state where the body lacks one or more essential nutrients required for optimal growth, metabolism, and physiological function. These nutrients include vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Nutritional deficiencies are a major public health concern, especially […]
Introduction Fracture incidence refers to the frequency or rate at which bone fractures occur in a population over a specific period. It serves as a key indicator of skeletal health and reflects the underlying prevalence of conditions such as osteoporosis, trauma exposure, […]