Introduction Survival analysis is a statistical approach used to study the time until an event of interest occurs, such as death, disease progression, or system failure. One of the most widely used techniques in survival analysis is the Kaplan-Meier (KM) method, which […]
Introduction In oncology, treatment success is no longer measured by survival alone; the patient’s quality of life (QoL) is equally critical. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) is a validated instrument […]
Introduction Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC), located in Peshawar, Pakistan, is one of the most prominent tertiary care hospitals in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). Established in 1992, HMC plays a pivotal role in delivering advanced healthcare services, medical education, and research. Strategically positioned in […]
Introduction Early diagnosis refers to the identification of diseases or health conditions at an initial stage, often before the onset of severe symptoms or complications. It is a critical element in healthcare that improves the chances of effective treatment, reduces disease progression, […]
Introduction Screening programs are an essential component of modern public health strategies aimed at early disease detection, prevention, and management. These programs involve systematic testing or examination of asymptomatic individuals within a target population to identify the early signs of diseases or […]
Introduction Liquid biopsy is an innovative, non-invasive diagnostic approach that has revolutionized cancer detection, monitoring, and treatment planning. Unlike traditional tissue biopsies that require invasive procedures, liquid biopsy involves analyzing circulating tumor-derived materials such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells […]
Introduction The microtiter plate assay is a widely used analytical technique in biological, biochemical, and pharmaceutical research. It involves the use of a microtiter plate (also known as a microplate or microwell plate), which is a flat plate with multiple “wells” that […]
Introduction Tooth enamel demineralization is the initial stage of dental caries and occurs when mineral content, primarily hydroxyapatite crystals, is lost from the enamel surface due to the action of acids. It is a reversible process in its early stages, but if […]
Introduction Crystal violet staining is a fundamental laboratory technique in microbiology used to differentiate bacterial species based on the structural differences in their cell walls. It is an integral component of the Gram staining method, first developed by Hans Christian Gram in […]
Introduction Subgingival biofilm refers to the structured microbial community that forms below the gumline (gingiva), primarily within the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket. It plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of periodontal diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis. Unlike supragingival […]