Hematological Parameters Indicators of Health and Disease Introduction Hematological parameters are essential indicators of physiological and pathological states in the human body. Derived from the complete blood count (CBC), these parameters encompass a wide range of blood cell types and characteristics, including […]
Introduction Biochemical markers, or biomarkers, are measurable substances in biological systems that indicate a physiological or pathological state. These molecules, typically found in blood, urine, or tissues, play a critical role in clinical practice for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of diseases. […]
Open-Field Test A Behavioral Assessment Tool for Locomotion, Anxiety, and Exploration in Animal Models Introduction The open-field test (OFT) is one of the most widely used behavioral paradigms in neuroscience and psychopharmacology. Originally developed by Calvin S. Hall in the 1930s, the […]
Regulatory Safety Ensuring Public Health, Product Integrity, and Environmental Protection Introduction Regulatory safety refers to the framework of laws, policies, standards, and practices designed to ensure that products, processes, and activities meet defined safety thresholds to protect human health, the environment, and […]
Wistar Rats Essential Animal Model in Biomedical Research Introduction Wistar rats are one of the most widely used outbred laboratory rat strains, developed in the early 1900s at the Wistar Institute. These albino rats, characterized by white fur and red eyes, have […]
Neurotoxicity Mechanisms, Causes, and Health Implications Introduction Neurotoxicity refers to the damage inflicted on the nervous system by chemical, biological, or physical agents. This condition affects both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), leading to a range of […]
Behavioral Assessment: Tools, Techniques, and Applications in Psychology and Health Sciences Introduction Behavioral assessment is a systematic method of observing and evaluating an individual’s actions, often in real-time settings, to understand the frequency, duration, intensity, and context of behaviors. Unlike traditional psychological […]
Cardiac Monitoring Technologies, Clinical Applications, and Advancements in Cardiovascular Care Introduction Cardiac monitoring is a cornerstone of modern cardiovascular medicine, offering real-time or periodic assessment of the heart’s electrical and mechanical functions. It plays a critical role in diagnosing arrhythmias, ischemia, myocardial […]
Regorafenib A Multi-Kinase Inhibitor for Refractory Cancers – Mechanism, Clinical Applications, and Emerging Insights Introduction Regorafenib is an orally administered multikinase inhibitor used in the treatment of various refractory cancers. Approved by the U.S. FDA in 2012, it offers a new line […]
Cumulative Dose Concept, Clinical Relevance, and Implications in Long-Term Drug Therapy Introduction The term cumulative dose refers to the total quantity of a drug or radiation that a patient receives over a period of time. It is a crucial parameter in pharmacology, […]