Cardiac Remodeling Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Strategies Introduction Cardiac remodeling refers to the structural and functional changes in the heart in response to cardiac injury or stress. This adaptive or maladaptive process can involve alterations in myocardial size, shape, architecture, and […]
Understanding Reduced Ejection Fraction Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management Introduction Reduced ejection fraction (REF), commonly referred to as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), is a serious and progressive condition in which the heart muscle cannot pump blood effectively. This impairment leads […]
Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure A Comprehensive Overview Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome resulting from structural or functional cardiac disorders that impair the ventricle’s ability to fill with or eject blood. Despite therapeutic […]