Introduction Antiplatelet therapy is a cornerstone of modern cardiovascular and cerebrovascular medicine. Platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis by forming clots to stop bleeding. However, abnormal platelet activation and aggregation can lead to thrombosis, which is the underlying cause of many […]
Introduction Platelets are small, anucleate blood cells that play a fundamental role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Their ability to adhere, activate, and aggregate is crucial for the formation of a hemostatic plug at sites of vascular injury. However, excessive or inappropriate platelet […]
Introduction Stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 15 million people suffer from a stroke each year; nearly one-third die, while another third are left permanently disabled. Importantly, […]
Introduction Stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, placing a heavy burden on healthcare systems, communities, and families. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), stroke accounts for approximately 11% of total deaths globally and is a […]
Introduction Clopidogrel is an oral antiplatelet drug from the thienopyridine class. It is widely prescribed to prevent thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic stroke, or peripheral artery disease (PAD). Since its approval in the 1990s, it has […]
Cardiovascular Outcomes Understanding, Importance, and Clinical Implications Introduction Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, posing a significant public health challenge. Cardiovascular outcomes refer to the range of clinical events and endpoints that reflect the health status […]
Myocardial Infarction Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management Introduction Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle (myocardium) is abruptly […]