Introduction Actinomyces naeslundii is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic bacterium that is a key member of the human oral microbiome. It was first described by Hamada in 1970 and is part of the genus Actinomyces, which includes other medically relevant species such […]
Introduction Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms that attach to surfaces and are enclosed in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. Biofilm formation is a universal microbial survival strategy found in natural, industrial, and clinical environments. From persistent infections to dental […]