Abstract Predictive biomarkers are measurable biological indicators that forecast an individual’s response to a specific therapeutic intervention. They have revolutionized personalized medicine by guiding treatment decisions, reducing adverse effects, and improving clinical outcomes. This paper explores the fundamental concepts, mechanisms, and classifications […]
Introduction The advent of multi-omics technologies has revolutionized modern biological research by enabling a holistic understanding of complex biological systems. Unlike traditional single-omics approaches that analyze only one layer of biological information—such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, or metabolomics—multi-omics integrates multiple datasets to […]