Introduction Vitamin D, a fat-soluble secosteroid, is one of the most crucial micronutrients for maintaining overall human health. It plays a vital role in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism, supporting bone mineralization, immune function, and various cellular processes. Despite being termed a […]
Introduction Bone fragility refers to a condition in which bones become structurally weak and more susceptible to fractures, even under minimal trauma. It results from alterations in bone quantity, quality, and microarchitecture that compromise mechanical integrity. The phenomenon is particularly common in […]
Introduction Estrogen deficiency is a physiological and pathological condition characterized by a decrease in circulating estrogen levels, primarily estradiol (E2), the most potent form of estrogen. This hormonal imbalance plays a critical role in several biological processes including reproduction, bone metabolism, cardiovascular […]