Introduction Calcium (Ca²⁺) is an essential mineral that plays a fundamental role in numerous physiological processes, including skeletal mineralization, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, blood coagulation, and cellular signaling. The maintenance of calcium homeostasis is vital for life, and its balance depends largely […]
Introduction Vitamin D, a fat-soluble secosteroid, is one of the most crucial micronutrients for maintaining overall human health. It plays a vital role in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism, supporting bone mineralization, immune function, and various cellular processes. Despite being termed a […]