Understanding Reduced Ejection Fraction Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management Introduction Reduced ejection fraction (REF), commonly referred to as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), is a serious and progressive condition in which the heart muscle cannot pump blood effectively. This impairment leads […]
Understanding Heart Failure Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Management Introduction Heart failure is a progressive clinical syndrome marked by the heart’s inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs. It affects millions worldwide and remains a leading cause of morbidity and […]
Cardiac Function Understanding the Mechanics, Regulation, and Clinical Significance of the Human Heart Introduction Cardiac function is the cornerstone of human health and physiology, serving as the vital mechanism by which blood is pumped throughout the body. The heart operates as a […]
Echocardiography A Non-Invasive Window into Cardiac Health Introduction Echocardiography is a vital diagnostic tool in cardiology that uses ultrasound waves to create images of the heart. This non-invasive technique allows healthcare providers to assess cardiac structure, function, and blood flow dynamics in […]