Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a complex and progressive clinical condition in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic demands of the body. It affects millions of people globally and remains one of the leading causes […]
Cardiac Remodeling Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Strategies Introduction Cardiac remodeling refers to the structural and functional changes in the heart in response to cardiac injury or stress. This adaptive or maladaptive process can involve alterations in myocardial size, shape, architecture, and […]
Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure A Comprehensive Overview Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome resulting from structural or functional cardiac disorders that impair the ventricle’s ability to fill with or eject blood. Despite therapeutic […]