Introduction Environmental exposure refers to the contact between humans and various physical, chemical, and biological agents present in the environment. These exposures can occur through air, water, soil, food, or direct contact and can have profound effects on human health and disease […]
Introduction The concept of gene–environment interaction (G×E) describes how genetic makeup and environmental exposures jointly influence human health and disease. Genes provide biological potential, while the environment determines whether and how these potentials are expressed. This interaction explains why individuals with similar […]