Introduction Bone health represents a critical aspect of overall well-being, influencing mobility, strength, and quality of life throughout all stages of human development. Bones serve not only as the body’s structural framework but also as dynamic tissues that undergo continuous remodeling, contributing […]
Introduction Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures. It is a major public health issue, particularly in postmenopausal women and elderly men. According […]
Introduction Estrogen deficiency is a physiological and pathological condition characterized by a decrease in circulating estrogen levels, primarily estradiol (E2), the most potent form of estrogen. This hormonal imbalance plays a critical role in several biological processes including reproduction, bone metabolism, cardiovascular […]