Introduction Genetic susceptibility refers to an individual’s increased likelihood of developing a particular disease due to inherited genetic variations. These variations, often found within DNA sequences, influence how the body responds to environmental exposures, pathogens, or physiological stress. While genetics alone rarely […]
Introduction The concept of gene–environment interaction (G×E) describes how genetic makeup and environmental exposures jointly influence human health and disease. Genes provide biological potential, while the environment determines whether and how these potentials are expressed. This interaction explains why individuals with similar […]
Introduction The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is one of the most polymorphic genetic systems in humans, playing a central role in the regulation of immune responses. Among the HLA class II haplotypes, DR4-DQ8 (HLA-DRB104–DQA103:01–DQB1*03:02) has been identified as a major genetic […]
Introduction The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system plays a fundamental role in adaptive immunity by presenting antigenic peptides to T lymphocytes. Among its components, the HLA-DRB1 gene stands out due to its extensive polymorphism and strong associations with autoimmune diseases. HLA-DRB1, located […]