Introduction Genetic susceptibility refers to the inherent predisposition of an individual to develop certain diseases based on their genetic makeup. This concept is rooted in the understanding that variations in genes, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), mutations, or chromosomal abnormalities, can […]
Introduction Beta-cell destruction is a central pathogenic event in the development of diabetes mellitus, particularly in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and, to a lesser degree, in advanced type 2 diabetes (T2D). Pancreatic beta cells, located in the islets of Langerhans, are responsible […]
Introduction Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes play a pivotal role in the regulation of immune responses and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Among the most well-characterized HLA haplotypes, DR3-DQ2 (HLA-DRB103:01–DQA105:01–DQB1*02:01) stands out due to its strong association with a wide range of autoimmune […]