Introduction Vitamin D is an essential fat-soluble vitamin that plays a critical role in maintaining bone health, immune function, and cardiovascular regulation. Among its measurable forms in the human body, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is considered the most reliable indicator of overall vitamin […]
Introduction Vitamin D, often referred to as the “sunshine vitamin,” is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for maintaining calcium and phosphorus balance, supporting bone mineralization, and contributing to immune and cardiovascular health. In recent decades, research has uncovered that vitamin D has functions […]
Introduction The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system plays a fundamental role in adaptive immunity by presenting antigenic peptides to T lymphocytes. Among its components, the HLA-DRB1 gene stands out due to its extensive polymorphism and strong associations with autoimmune diseases. HLA-DRB1, located […]
Introduction The immune system plays a vital role in defending the body against pathogens while maintaining tolerance to self-antigens. A balanced immune response is crucial for protection without causing harm to host tissues. Immunoregulation refers to the mechanisms that control and modulate […]
Introduction The human immune system is a complex network of cells, molecules, and signaling pathways designed to defend the body against pathogens while maintaining tolerance to self-antigens. The ability to discriminate between harmful and harmless stimuli requires immune regulation, a process that […]
Introduction Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are essential regulators of immune signaling, maintaining a delicate balance between immune activation and tolerance. Among these, PTPN22 (protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22) has emerged as a key molecule influencing T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling and the […]