Understanding Reduced Ejection Fraction Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management Introduction Reduced ejection fraction (REF), commonly referred to as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), is a serious and progressive condition in which the heart muscle cannot pump blood effectively. This impairment leads […]
Echocardiography A Non-Invasive Window into Cardiac Health Introduction Echocardiography is a vital diagnostic tool in cardiology that uses ultrasound waves to create images of the heart. This non-invasive technique allows healthcare providers to assess cardiac structure, function, and blood flow dynamics in […]