Introduction Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revolutionized the field of genetics by identifying genetic variations linked to complex traits and diseases. Unlike traditional candidate gene approaches, GWAS examine the entire genome to uncover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with specific phenotypes. This […]
Introduction The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is one of the most polymorphic genetic systems in humans, playing a central role in the regulation of immune responses. Among the HLA class II haplotypes, DR4-DQ8 (HLA-DRB104–DQA103:01–DQB1*03:02) has been identified as a major genetic […]
Introduction Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes play a pivotal role in the regulation of immune responses and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Among the most well-characterized HLA haplotypes, DR3-DQ2 (HLA-DRB103:01–DQA105:01–DQB1*02:01) stands out due to its strong association with a wide range of autoimmune […]