Introduction Calcium (Ca²⁺) is an essential mineral that plays a fundamental role in numerous physiological processes, including skeletal mineralization, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, blood coagulation, and cellular signaling. The maintenance of calcium homeostasis is vital for life, and its balance depends largely […]
Introduction Nutritional deficiency refers to a state where the body lacks one or more essential nutrients required for optimal growth, metabolism, and physiological function. These nutrients include vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Nutritional deficiencies are a major public health concern, especially […]
Introduction Nutrient intake is a fundamental aspect of human health, influencing physical development, metabolic processes, immune function, and disease resistance. It encompasses the consumption of essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Optimal nutrient intake is essential across […]