Introduction Biochemical markers, or biomarkers, are measurable substances in biological systems that indicate a physiological or pathological state. These molecules, typically found in blood, urine, or tissues, play a critical role in clinical practice for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of diseases. […]

Open-Field Test A Behavioral Assessment Tool for Locomotion, Anxiety, and Exploration in Animal Models Introduction The open-field test (OFT) is one of the most widely used behavioral paradigms in neuroscience and psychopharmacology. Originally developed by Calvin S. Hall in the 1930s, the […]