Natriuresis Mechanisms, Regulation, Clinical Significance, and Therapeutic Insights Introduction Natriuresis refers to the process by which sodium (Na⁺) is excreted in the urine through the kidneys. This physiological phenomenon plays a pivotal role in maintaining sodium balance, blood pressure, and fluid homeostasis. […]
Cardiac Remodeling Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Strategies Introduction Cardiac remodeling refers to the structural and functional changes in the heart in response to cardiac injury or stress. This adaptive or maladaptive process can involve alterations in myocardial size, shape, architecture, and […]
Dapagliflozin Mechanism, Therapeutic Role, and Clinical Applications in Diabetes, Heart Failure, and Kidney Disease Introduction Dapagliflozin is an oral medication classified as a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, developed initially for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Its benefits, however, […]
Empagliflozin Mechanism, Clinical Applications, and Therapeutic Impact in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Introduction Empagliflozin is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor widely used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated cardiovascular and renal comorbidities. Marketed under the brand […]
Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure A Comprehensive Overview Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome resulting from structural or functional cardiac disorders that impair the ventricle’s ability to fill with or eject blood. Despite therapeutic […]
Understanding Heart Failure Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Management Introduction Heart failure is a progressive clinical syndrome marked by the heart’s inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs. It affects millions worldwide and remains a leading cause of morbidity and […]