Introduction Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes play a pivotal role in the regulation of immune responses and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Among the most well-characterized HLA haplotypes, DR3-DQ2 (HLA-DRB103:01–DQA105:01–DQB1*02:01) stands out due to its strong association with a wide range of autoimmune […]
Introduction The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system plays a fundamental role in adaptive immunity by presenting antigenic peptides to T lymphocytes. Among its components, the HLA-DRB1 gene stands out due to its extensive polymorphism and strong associations with autoimmune diseases. HLA-DRB1, located […]
Introduction Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are essential regulators of immune signaling, maintaining a delicate balance between immune activation and tolerance. Among these, PTPN22 (protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22) has emerged as a key molecule influencing T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling and the […]